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Sabtu, 02 April 2011

Teropong Bintang Boscha

Teropong Bintang Boscha atau Observatorium Bosscha merupakan tempat peneropongan bintang tertua di Indonesia. Observatorium Bosscha didirikan di Lembang ( Bandung Bagian Utara) , pada tanggal 1 Januari 1923 oleh Perhimpunan Bintang Hindia Belanda pada masa penjajahan dulu. Pembangunan observatorium ini semula bertujuan untuk memajukan Ilmu Astronomi di Hindia Belanda (Indonesia).
Observatorium yang sebagian besar didanai oleh Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha , seorang tuan tanah di perkebunan teh Malabar—ini bertempat di kawasan Lembang, tepatnya 15 kilometer di bagian utara Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat. Berada di atas tanah seluas 6 hektar dengan ketinggian 1.300 meter di atas permukaan laut, membuat kawasan ini dianggap cocok menjadi tempat mengamati bintang-bintang, planet-planet dan benda-benda langit lainnya, selain memberikan udara yang sejuk dan pemandangan yang indah, karena dulu pada masa pembangunannya dalam radius lima kilometer daerah ini relatif masih kosong sehingga masih terbebas dari polusi cahaya yang bisa mengurangi kualitas pembentukkan citra atau hasil pengamat terhadap benda langit yang sedang diamati.
Observatorium terbaik di Asia Tenggara ini mempunyai lima buah teleskop besar, yaitu 
  • Teleskop Refraktor Ganda Zeiss
Teleskop ini biasa digunakan untuk mengamati bintang ganda visual, mengukur fotometri gerhana bintang, mengamati citra kawah bulan, mengamati planet, mengamati oposisi planet Mars, Saturnus, Jupiter, dan untuk mengamati citra detail komet terang serta benda langit lainnya. Teleskop ini mempunyai 2 lensa objektif dengan diameter masing-masing lensa 60 cm, dengan titik api atau fokusnya adalah 10,7 meter.
  • Teleskop Schmidt Bima Sakti
Teleskop ini biasa digunakan untuk mempelajari struktur galaksi Bima Sakti, mempelajari spektrum bintang, mengamati asteroid,supernova, Nova untuk ditentukan terang dan komposisi kimiawinya, dan untuk memotret objek langit. Diameter lensa 71,12 cm. Diameter lensa koreksi biconcaf-biconfex 50 cm. Titik api/fokus 2,5 meter. Juga dilengkapi dengan prisma pembias dengan sudut prima 6,10, untuk memperoleh spektrum bintang. Dispersi prisma ini pada H-gamma 312A tiap malam. Alat bantu extra-telescope adalah Wedge Sensitometer, untuk menera kehitaman skala terang bintang , dan alat perekam film
  • Teleskop Refraktor Bamberg
Teleskop ini biasa digunakan untuk menera terang bintang, menentukan skala jarak, mengukur fotomerti gerhana bintang, mengamati citra kawah bulan, pengamatan matahari, dan untuk mengamati benda langit lainnya. Dilengkapi dengan fotoelektrik-fotometer untuk mendapatkan skala terang bintang dari intensitas cahaya listrik yang di timbulkan. Diameter lensa 37 cm. Titik api atau fokus 7 meter.
  • Teleskop Cassegrain GOTO
Dengan teleskop ini, objek dapat langsung diamati dengan memasukkan data posisi objek tersebut. Kemudian data hasil pengamatan akan dimasukkan ke media penyimpanan data secara langsung. Teropong ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mengukur kuat cahaya bintang serta pengamatan spektrum bintang. Dilengakapi dengan spektograf dan fotoelektrik-fotometer
  • Teleskop Refraktor Unitron
Teleskop ini biasa digunakan untuk melakukan pengamatan hilal, pengamatan gerhana bulan dan gerhana matahari, dan pemotretanbintik matahari serta pengamatan benda-benda langit lain. Dengan diameter lensa 13 cm, dan fokus 87 cm

Setiap tahun sekitar 60.000 orang, yang 80%-nya adalah pelajar, mengunjungi observatorium ini untuk melihat temuan pakar-pakar dunia atas benda-benda langit. Sejak didirikan, tak kurang 500 kertas kerja telah dihasilkan oleh Observatorium Bosscha.